East Caucasian tur, Capra cylindricornis.Phylogeny based on Hassanin et al., 2009 and Calamari, 2021. Internal relationships of Caprinae based on mitochondrial DNA. The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats (both rather vague and ill-defined terms) are thought to have moved into mountainous regions – sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains, and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators, and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage. The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the subarctic region. The goat-antelope, or caprid, group is known from as early as the Miocene, when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form. No sharp line divides the groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. The grazers (sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids, from the Hebrew tso'n meaning sheep and goats) evolved more recently. The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller in size, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tessellated ears, long manes, and dagger-shaped horns. The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes: 'resource-defenders', which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of the same species and 'grazers', which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area. Musk oxen in captivity have reached over 650 kg (1,430 lb). Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over 1 m (3 ft) long for a full-grown grey goral ( Nemorhaedus goral), to almost 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) long for a musk ox, and from under 30 kg (66 lb) to more than 350 kg (770 lb). Seven as of concern and needing conservation measures, but at lower risk, and.Many species have become extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because of human interaction. The Armenian mouflon ( Ovis gmelini gmelini) is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep ( Ovis aries). 1994: 39), perhaps emphasizing the Red Sea littoral as a distinctive cultural area rather than a barrier or route to somewhere else.Skeleton of a Barbary sheep ( Ammotragus lervia) on display at the Museum of OsteologyĪlthough most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox ( Ovibos moschatus) is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra the mountain goat ( Oreamnos americanus) of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain the urial ( Ovis orientalis) occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. Middle seventh-millennium BC domesticated caprines near the Red Sea coast may be introductions from across the Red Sea or along its coastal margins from the north (Vermeersch et al. 2011, Joy McCorriston, Pilgrimage and Household in the Ancient Near East, page 123,.2010, Aharon Sasson, Animal Husbandry in Ancient Israel: A Zooarchaeological Perspective on Livestock Exploitation, Herd Management and Economic Strategies, page 47,įor instance, the graph of the Early Bronze Age sites shows that the relative frequency of caprines in regions 1, 2, and 3 does not differ significantly.Fryxell (editors, Serengeti III: Human Impacts on Ecosystem Dynamics, page 77,īy the late Holocene, most archaeological sites in the central Rift Valley display a significant pastoralist occupation and are dominated by cattle and caprines, while others preserve an abundant wild grassland fauna with substantial numbers of cattle and caprines (Gifford, Isaac, and Nelson 1980). Peters, et al., 3: Paleoecology of the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem, A. Any of certain caprids (including sheep) that are regarded as being similar to the goat any member of the tribe Caprini.
Caprine ( comparative more caprine, superlative most caprine)
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